Pay Off Your Debt or Invest?

Maybe it was the financial planner on CNBC, a casual conversation with a friend, or just the small voice inside, but something has caused you to keep asking yourself the same thing: should I pay off my debt or start investing? This question, perhaps more than any other, has plagued investors for generations. Ironically, it is one that can be easily decided by using a bit of simple math.
Whether it's a mortgage, car loan, student loan, credit card, or medical bills, you probably have some amount of debt in your life. It is only natural that you want to pay it off as soon as possible. On the other hand, it is understandable that you want to start putting money away for your retirement or some other important milestone in your life. Since there is only so much cash to go around, a decision normally has to be made between the two, neither of which leaves a person feeling completely satisfied.
What should you do? The answer depends on two variables:
1. The rate of after-tax interest you are paying on your debt
2. The after-tax rate of return you expect to earn on your investments
Before you answer the first question, you must understand that there are two different kinds of debt. On one end of the spectrum is high-interest credit card debt that originates from things such as credit cards and department store charge accounts. This type is the deadliest and generally should be avoided unless absolutely necessary. The second type of debt is the lower interest variety; your mortgage, student loans, etc. Often, the interest on these types is partially or wholly tax-deductible, making it even more attractive.
With that in mind, the answer to the debt reduction vs. investing problem can be solved with this one statement: If you can earn a higher after-tax return on your investments than the after-tax interest rate expense on your debt, you should invest. Otherwise, you should pay off your balance.

Example of debt reduction vs. investing calculation

Scenario 1
Assume you have a thirty year, $150,000 mortgage with a six percent rate. Also assume you are in the 25% tax bracket. Due to the itemized deduction of mortgage interest, your after tax annual percentage rate is really 4.02% (not the 6.00% you are paying). Hence, if you expect to earn an after-tax return higher than 4.02% on your investments (odds are substantial you will if you have a long-term horizon), then you should invest.
Scenario 2
You have a $10,000 balance on a credit card with a 22% annual percentage rate. Credit card interest expense is not tax deductible, meaning you should only invest if you think you can earn a 22% after tax return on your investments. Given that the historical long-term return on equities has been somewhere around 11-12%, this seems highly unlikely. In this case, it would be foolish to invest.

The bottom line

Although you may be eager to invest, you need to do what is best for your bottom line. Regardless of which is the wiser course of action at this stage in your life, the ultimate goal should be to have no debt and an abundance of great, lucrative investments. With enough patience and hard work, this is a goal that you can, and will, attain.